Efectividad de anticoagulación regional con citrato en terapia de reemplazo renal continua

Background: Anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is essential to counteract the coagulation cascade activation, induced by the dialysis circuit. Heparin is the most widely used anticoagulant, followed by regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA). Aim: To determine the effectiveness and safety of anticoagulant treatment with citrate in CRRT. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of adults in CRRT hospitalized between the years 2014 and 2020 in critical units, who required change to RCA according to established protocols. Results: We studied 24 patients aged 63 ± 13 years (12 females). The reasons for admission were acute kidney injury (AKI) in 80% and stage 5 chronic kidney disease in 20%. The indication of RCA in 75% of patients was by coagulation of more than 3 circuits in 24 hours. The duration of the circuit in RCA was 18.5 ± 4.8 hours versus 11.9 ± 4.9 hours with heparin (p < 0.0001). There were 19 mild complications that did not affect the RCA. Conclusions: RCA is feasible to perform, it is a safe and efficient procedure if it is protocolized, allowing a longer duration of the dialysis circuit.

Rabdomiólisis como presentación inicial de COVID-19: caso Clínico / Rhabdomyolysis as the presentation form of COVID-19 infection: report of one case

COVID-19 infection causes a systemic inflammatory response, which mainly presents as a febrile syndrome with respiratory involvement. We report a 37-year-old male who consulted for myalgia, nausea and epigastric pain lasting three days. On admission, he had crepitations at the lung bases. The initial laboratory showed a creatine kinase of 62,768 U/L, a LDH of 1,110 IU/L, a creatinine a 2.1 mg/dL, an aspartate aminotransferase of 1,347 IU/L, a D-dimer of 1,140 ng/mL, a ferritin of 1,201 ng/mL and a lymphocyte count of 810 cells/mm3. The chest CT scan was compatible with multifocal pneumonia, suggesting a COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 PCR was positive. The patient was managed with hydration, sodium bicarbonate, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin, with a good clinical response.

Diagnóstico y seguimiento de 12 casos de peritonitis esclerosante asociada a diálisis peritoneal crónica en Chile: Experience in 12 patients on peritoneal dialysis / Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis

Background: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) with a low prevalence but high mortality. It is characterized by peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis with subsequent development of intestinal encapsulation. It is associated with a long lapse on PD, frequent episodes of peritonitis, high glucose solution use, and high peritoneal transport status. Aim: To report the clinical features of patients on PD, who developed EPS. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of 12 patients aged 43 ± 10 years (eight women) who developed EPS. Results: The mean time spent on PD was 98 months. The main clinical manifestations were abdominal pain in 82% and ultrafiltration failure in 63%. In 92%, there was a history of peritonitis and 75% had high peritoneal transport at the time of diagnosis. The main findings in computed tomography were peritoneal calcification and thickening. There was a biopsy compatible with the diagnosis in 10 cases. Treatment consisted in withdrawal from PD, removal of PD catheter and the use of corticoids and tamoxifen. After withdrawal from PD 50% of patients became asymptomatic. The rest had intermittent abdominal pain and altered bowel movements. Two patients died (17%). Conclusions: EPS is a serious complication of PD, which should be suspected in any patient with compatible clinical symptoms, long time on PD, multiple episodes of peritonitis and high peritoneal transport profile.

Caso clínico: cistitis enfisematosa asociada a hidronefrosis secundaria / Emphysematous cystitis: Report of one case

We report a 53 year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, presenting with progressive abdominal pain lasting three weeks, associated with lower abdominal swelling and fever. Clinical examination showed a large increase in abdominal volume, contraction of extracellular compartment, and signs of severe sepsis. Computed tomography showed an over-distended bladder with severe wall and luminal pneumatosis and bilateral hydronephrosis. The diagnosis was of emphysematous cystitis associated to hydronephrosis. Urine and blood cultures were positive for multi-susceptible Escherichia coli. Clinical evolution was favorable after 6 weeks of ceftriaxone and urinary catheter use. Emphysematous cystitis is a rare clinical entity, with an associated mortality of 7%. Known predisposing factors are older age, female gender and presence of diabetes. Microbiological agents most frequently involved are Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (80% of cases). Medical treatment is preferred and is based on urinary tract decompression with a bladder catheter, and prolonged broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy.

Estudio explorativo acerca de la utilidad del cociente respiratorio en la determinación del umbral anaeróbico en pacientes con unsuficiencia renal crónica / Exploratory study about the utility of the respiratory quotient on the determination of anaerobic threshold on chronic kidney disease patients

Fundamento y Objetivo: Debido a las alteraciones observadas en la condición física de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica se ha demostrado la utilidad de someter a estos pacientes a un entrenamiento físico. El cociente respiratorio es utilizado normalmente como un medio no invasivo para estimar el umbral anaeróbico en sujetos sometidos a entrenamiento físico. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la utilidad del cociente respiratorio como método indirecto para estimar el umbral anaeróbico y como indicador de detención en una ergometría en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. Pacientes y método: Se realizó una cicloergometría con análisis de gases espirados en un grupo de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (n=17) y en un grupo de sujetos sanos (n=18). Los cocientes respiratorios en reposo y con 30, 60 y 100 W fueron comparados entre ambos grupos. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias entre individuos sanos y pacientes en el cociente respiratorio en reposo; sin embargo, durante la prueba con diferentes intensidades de trabajo se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: En el caso de los nefrópatas, las diferencias observadas en el cociente respiratorio pueden atribuirse a exceso de producción de CO2. Per esta razón, la utilización del cociente respiratorio como un medio no invasivo para estimar el umbral anaeróbico parece ser no recomendable en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica.

Background and Objective: Due to changes observed in the physical condition of patients with chronic renal failure it has been demonstrated the usefulness of the physical training on these patients. The respiratory quotient is normally used as a non-invasive method for estimating the anaerobic threshold in subjects undergoing physical training. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the respiratory quotient as an indirect method to estimate the anaerobic threshold and as an indicator to stop the ergometry in patients with chronic renal failure. Patients and Methods: We conducted a cycle-erge metry with expired gas analysis in patients with chronic renal failure (n = 17) and in a group of healthy subjects (n= 18). The respiratory quotients at rest and with 30, 60 and 100 W were compared between groups. Results: No differences in the respiratory quotient were observed between healthy subjects and patients at rest, however, statistically significant differences were found between groups with different intensities of work. Conclusions: Because the observed differences in respiratory quotients could be attributed to an excess on production of CO2 in chronic renal failure patients, the use of respiratory quotient as a non-invasive method for estimating the anaerobic threshold seems to be not recommended in these patients.

Diabetes y hemodiálisis. Caracterización de una cohorte y seguimiento a cuatro años / Assessment and follow up of diabetic patients in hemodialysis

Background: Despite a better management of the variables that influence the development of diabetic nephropathy there is a progressive increase in the prevalence of terminal renal failure among diabetics, whose cause is not clear. Aim: To study in a group of patients in hemodialysis, the quality of diabetes control previous to the entry to dialysis, their physical condition and their evolution. Material and methods: Diabetic patients with at least three months of hemodialysis answered a questionnaire about diabetes control quality previous to dialysis and had physical and laboratory assessment. They were followed for at least four years thereafter. Results: Fifty seven patients aged 62±11 years were studied. Eighty four percent had some degree of disability. Eighty seven percent had high blood pressure and 73 percent had to enter dialysis as an emergency. Mean glycosilated hemoglobin was 7.7 percent and 58 percent had a dialysis dose with a Kt/Vofless than 1.2. Fifty eight percent died during follow up. No relationship between mortality and age, blood pressure, glycosilated hemoglobin of Kt/V, was observed. Conclusions: There is an inadequate management of blood glucose and blood pressure of diabetic patients before entry to dialysis. They are referred ¡ate to the nephrologist, the dialysis dose is insufficient and they have a high mortality.